Since the dawn of humanity, 自从人类诞生以来,
We have asked the question, 我们问过这个问题,
How did our wondrous home come to be? 我们奇妙的家是怎么来的?
Today,space technology casts light on this mystery. 今天,空间技术揭开了这个谜.
Thanks to intrepid astronauts 感谢勇敢的宇航员
And data beamed from hundreds of satellites, 数百颗卫星传送的数据,
We are gaining new insight into earth's epic history. 我们对地球史诗般的历史有了新的认识.
Woman: Going to space, 去太空,
We have a different lens to look at the whole planet. 我们用不同的镜头来观察整个地球.
We're finding fresh evidence 我们正在寻找新的证据
To answer age-old questions 回答古老的问题
About the formation of our solar system. 关于太阳系的形成.
Man: We can only understand the big picture 男人:我们只能了解大局
When we study all these bodies 当我们研究这些身体的时候
And learn everything they have to tell us. 学习他们告诉我们的一切.
We're asking how life begins 我们在问生命是如何开始的
And how it evolves through times of peril. 以及它如何在危难时期演变.
Man: All of these stories 所有这些故事
Are intensely interesting murder mysteries 是非常有趣的谋杀谜团
In our planet's past. 在我们星球的过去.
We're going on a 4.5-billion-year journey 我们将踏上45亿年的征程
Through eons of fire and meteor storms, 经历了亿万年的火灾和流星雨,
From the arrival of oceans 从海洋的到来
And freezing global ice sheets, 冻结全球冰原,
Through epic eruptions 通过史诗般的爆发
And mass extinctions, 以及大规模灭绝,
To where,against all odds,life finds a way. 去一个生活能找到出路的地方.
This is the story of the life of earth from space. 这是一个关于地球在太空中的生命的故事.
250 miles over our heads orbits the international space station. 在我们头顶250英里外环绕国际空间站运行.
The astronauts who live here 住在这里的宇航员
Constantly monitor the world below. 不断监视下面的世界.
Cady coleman: Our vantage point from space 凯迪·科尔曼:我们在太空中的有利位置
Gives us a view of the planet 让我们看到这个星球
That is about collecting information 那就是收集信息
That can't be collected any other way. 不能用其他方法收集.
But they can also observe phenomena 但是他们也可以观察现象
That provide clues to earth's distant origins, 提供了地球遥远起源的线索,
The countless tiny meteors bombarding our atmosphere. 无数微小的流星轰击着我们的大气层.
Coleman: Every single day, 科尔曼:每一天,
There are thousands and thousands of pounds 有成千上万的英镑
Of space rocks pummeling the earth, 太空岩石撞击地球,
And it becomes very clear that we live in a neighborhood. 很明显我们住在附近.
It's made up of pieces of the universe, 它是由宇宙的碎片组成的,
Some of which come crashing down onto our earth. 其中一些坠落到我们的地球上.
As they enter the atmosphere, 当它们进入大气层时,
Most of these space rocks burn up, 大多数太空岩石都会燃烧,
But those that don't 但是那些没有
Can help us understand where our planet came from. 可以帮助我们了解我们的星球从何而来.
50,000 years ago, 5万年前,
A large meteor punches through the atmosphere. 一颗大流星穿过大气层.
The impact site is today visible from space-- 今天从太空可以看到撞击地点--
Arizona's barringer crater. 亚利桑那州的巴林格火山口.
When the 30-ton meteorite hit, 当30吨重的陨石撞击时,
It exploded into thousands of pieces. 它爆炸成了成千上万的碎片.
At the national museum of natural history, 在国家自然历史博物馆,
A major fragment is on display-- 一个主要的碎片正在展出--
The canyon diablo, 暗黑破坏神峡谷,
One of the oldest objects you'll ever see. 你见过的最古老的东西之一.
Radiometric dating reveals its oldest parts 辐射测年揭示了它最古老的部分
Formed almost four and a half billion years ago. 形成于45亿年前.
Hakeem oluseyi: These meteorites hold in them 哈基姆·奥卢塞伊:这些陨石保存在其中
A history of our solar system. 我们太阳系的历史.
They're sort of like fossil relics 它们有点像化石遗迹
That have a story to tell about the birth of earth. 有一个关于地球诞生的故事.
It's a story that starts with the building blocks 这是一个从积木开始的故事
Of everything on earth, 地球上的一切,
Elements that are forged in the hearts of long-dead stars. 在死星之心锻造的元素.
Under its own gravity,an enormous star collapses. 在自身的引力作用下,一颗巨大的恒星崩溃了.
The explosion creates elements like iron,oxygen,and carbon. 爆炸产生了铁、氧和碳等元素.
Oluseyi: The materials that we're made of, 我们用的材料,
The materials that everything around us is made of, 我们周围的一切都是由材料构成的,
That earth is made of,these materials,these elements, 地球是由这些物质和元素组成的,
Are created in the centers of stars, 是在恒星的中心产生的,
And so we are made up of the ashes of exploding stars. 所以我们是由爆炸恒星的灰烬组成的.
As gravity pulls on the stardust, 当地心引力吸引星尘时,
It forms a hot,spinning disc. 它形成一个热的旋转圆盘.
A new star grows in its center-- our sun. 一颗新星在它的中心生长--我们的太阳.
Around it,hot,dusty materials clump together. 在它周围,又热又脏的物质聚集在一起.
These small masses will become comets,asteroids,or meteors, 这些小质量会变成彗星、小行星或流星,
Like the canyon diablo. 就像暗黑破坏神峡谷.
The largest of them become planets,like our own. 其中最大的变成了行星,就像我们自己的行星一样.
The infant earth is born. 新生的地球诞生了.
Its surface is a hellish ocean of molten rock, 它的表面是地狱般的熔岩海洋,
And it's missing a crucial companion. 它缺少一个重要的同伴.
For humanity, 为了人类,
The moon has always been a source of wonder... 月亮一直是个奇迹...
A timepiece to chart the months and seasons. 用来记录月份和季节的计时器.
Modern scientists are also captivated 现代科学家也被迷住了
By our closest celestial neighbor. 我们最近的天体邻居.
For them,it is the moon's origins 对他们来说,这是月球的起源
That remain the greatest mystery. 这仍然是最大的谜团.
Is it a smaller body formed in parallel with the earth 它是一个与地球平行形成的较小的天体吗
Or a passing planet captured by earth's gravity? 或者是被地球引力俘获的一颗经过的行星?
Nasa's apollo missions provided a unique opportunity 美国宇航局的阿波罗任务提供了一个独特的机会
To find the answer. 找到答案.
December 1972,the launch of apollo 17. 1972年12月,阿波罗17号发射升空.
On board is dr.Harrison schmitt. 船上有哈里森·施密特博士.
On this last mission to the moon, 在最后一次登月任务中,
Nasa sends their first geologist. 美国宇航局派出了他们的第一位地质学家.
Man on radio: 25 feet.Down at 2. 无线电广播员:25英尺.两点钟下来.
Feels good.20 feet. 感觉很好.20英尺.
10 feet. 10英尺.
Engines stopped.Ok,houston,the challenger has landed. 引擎停止了.好了,休斯顿,挑战者号着陆了.
Scientists believe the secret to the moon's origins 科学家相信月球起源的秘密
May be hiding in its rocks, 可能藏在岩石里,
If they can identify the right ones. 如果他们能找到合适的.
Harrison schmitt: My mission was a little bit different 哈里森·施密特:我的任务有点不同
Because we built in some time for me, 因为我们给我留了些时间,
As a geologist,to look around 作为一个地质学家
And try to understand more than a pilot astronaut-- 试着理解比飞行员宇航员更多的东西--
However well-trained they might be, 不管他们多么训练有素,
They didn't have the experience that I did. 他们没有我那样的经验.
Astronaut: Let's see if I can't crack the corner 宇航员:让我们看看我能不能打开这个角落
And get that contact. 并取得联系.
Schmitt: We actually collected more than any other mission, 施密特:实际上我们收集的比其他任务都多,
About 240 pounds of rocks. 大约240磅的石头.
With his carefully selected specimens, 用他精心挑选的标本,
Schmitt hits pay dirt. 施密特赚了不少钱.
These rocks prove that the earth and moon 这些岩石证明地球和月球
Are more than just neighbors. 不仅仅是邻居.
Oluseyi: What those rocks showed is that the moon was made up 那些岩石显示的是月球是由
Of pretty much the same stuff as the earth, 几乎和地球一样的东西,
And so that gave us the big clue that we needed 所以这给了我们一条我们需要的线索
To understand how the moon formed 了解月球是如何形成的
But also understand the early history of earth. 同时也了解地球的早期历史.
It's now widely believed that the moon 现在人们普遍认为月球
Is the remnant of a catastrophic collision. 是灾难性碰撞的残余.
A newly formed planet the size of mars 一颗新形成的火星大小的行星
Heads straight towards the infant earth. 直奔婴儿般的大地.
From the molten debris,our moon takes form, 从熔岩碎片中,我们的月球形成,
The same size as it is today,but 17 times closer. 和今天一样大,但比现在近了17倍.
Oluseyi: It took a lot less time to orbit the earth, 环绕地球运行的时间要短得多,
And it took a lot less time 而且花的时间也少了很多
For the earth to spin once on its spin axis, 地球绕自转轴转一圈,
So the day was shorter,the month was shorter, 所以白天变短了,月份变短了,
The week was shorter. 一周更短了.
The proximity of this large circling object 这个巨大的旋转物体
Distorts the earth,causing a tidal effect in the rock. 扭曲地球,在岩石中产生潮汐效应.
Oluseyi: There was a gravitational interaction 有引力相互作用
Between the earth and the moon that we call the tidal force, 在地球和月球之间,我们称之为潮汐力,
And that has the effect 这就产生了效果
Of throwing the moon away from earth, 把月亮从地球上扔出去,
So every day, 所以每天,
The moon moves a little bit farther away from the earth 月球离地球稍微远一点
Than it was the day before. 比前一天好.
Now,as the moon rises for the first time, 现在,当月亮第一次升起,
Our planet begins to cool, 我们的星球开始冷却,
And a crust begins to form. 地壳开始形成.
But before earth can truly come to life, 但在地球真正复活之前,
It must survive another harrowing challenge from space. 它必须经受住另一个来自太空的严峻挑战.
The moon's barren surface 月球贫瘠的表面
Bears the scars of the distant past. 带着遥远过去的伤痕.
In 1972,in the rocks around their spacecraft, 1972年,在飞船周围的岩石里,
Harrison schmitt and the crew of apollo 17 哈里森·施密特和阿波罗17号机组人员
See signs of an impact so intense, 看到强烈撞击的迹象,
It melted the moon's crust. 它融化了月球的外壳.
They'd landed inside an enormous crater 400 miles wide. 他们降落在一个400英里宽的巨大陨石坑里.
Schmitt: We were in a valley 施密特:我们在一个山谷里
Deeper than the grand canyon of the united states, 比美国大峡谷还要深,
So it was really a remarkable place to be. 所以这真是一个了不起的地方.
The crater is one of many thousands 这个陨石坑是成千上万个陨石坑中的一个
That dot the moon's surface, 点缀在月球表面,
And analysis of apollo rocks reveal 通过对阿波罗岩石的分析
Many of these epic craters are truly ancient, 这些史诗般的陨石坑中有许多是真正古老的,
Evidence that beginning some 4 billion years ago, 从40亿年前开始,
The inner solar system suffers an intense bombardment. 内太阳系遭受强烈的轰炸.
Schmitt: The major thing that we have learned 施密特:我们学到的主要东西
Is that the first billion years of earth's history 那是地球历史上的第一个十亿年吗
Was extraordinarily violent. 非常暴力.
Across hundreds of millions of years, 跨越亿万年,
The earth is hit by over 22,000 asteroids and comets 地球被22000多颗小行星和彗星撞击
From the outer solar system. 从外太阳系.
Some are over 25 miles across. 有些直径超过25英里.
Each one inflicts cataclysmic destruction. 每一个都会造成灾难性的破坏.
Oluseyi: What would that feel like? 那是什么感觉?
Constant earthquakes, 不断的地震,
Objects are streaking through the sky,falling to earth. 物体划过天空,落在地上.
You feel the ground shaking, 你感觉到地面在颤抖,
Giant plumes of material being thrown up. 巨大的羽毛状物质被抛出.
That would have been amazing. 那真是太棒了.
There is lightning that's created in the plume of dust. 在尘埃的羽状物中产生了闪电.
There are rocks that are falling and look like they're on fire. 有一些岩石正在坠落,看起来像是着火了.
There's going to be a lot of molten rock 会有很多熔岩
On earth's surface,as well. 在地球表面也是如此.
You think of darkness.You think of lava. 你想到黑暗.你会想到熔岩.
You think of the smell of sulfur. 你想到硫磺的味道.
As this assault continues, 随着这次袭击的继续,
The earth's appearance changes. 地球的外观改变了.
Water starts to pool on the earth's surface. 水开始在地球表面聚集.
It's thought that the comets bombarding earth 有人认为彗星轰击地球
Are laden with ice. 都是冰.
This combines with water 它与水结合
Leaching from the earth's own cooling rocks. 从地球自身的冷却岩石中浸出.
The first oceans are born. 第一批海洋诞生了.
With water comes weather. 水到渠成.
1,000-year relentless storms of unimaginable ferocity. 1000年无情的风暴,难以想象的凶猛.
Every tide like a mega tsunami. 每一次潮汐都像一场大海啸.
Oluseyi: The moon was much closer to the earth, 月球离地球更近,
And this means that the tides were much greater, 这意味着潮汐要大得多,
So instead of measuring tides in feet, 所以不是用英尺来测量潮汐,
Tides were measured in kilometers or miles. 潮汐的测量单位是公里或英里.
4 billion years ago, 40亿年前,
500 million years after the earth was born, 地球诞生5亿年后,
It has a moon,oceans,and weather. 它有月亮、海洋和天气.
It is beginning to resemble the planet we know. 它开始像我们知道的那个星球了.
For now,it is barren,devoid of life, 现在,它是贫瘠的,没有生命,
But things are about to change. 但事情即将改变.
2013,chelyabinsk,russia. 2013年,俄罗斯车里雅宾斯克.
A traveler arrives from deep space. 一个旅行者从深太空来.
It is the largest meteorite impact in a century. 这是一个世纪以来最大的陨石撞击.
The hunt is on to find its scattered remains. 搜寻工作仍在继续,以寻找散落的遗骸.
Scientists pull a huge fragment from a nearby lake. 科学家们从附近的一个湖泊中提取了一块巨大的碎片.
They cut it open and make a fabulous find. 他们把它切开做了一个惊人的发现.
The space rock contains primitive organic materials. 太空岩石含有原始的有机物质.
It's the latest evidence to support a growing idea-- 这是支持一个不断发展的想法的最新证据--
That the same comets and meteors that carried water to earth 同样的彗星和流星把水带到了地球上
Also brought with them the ingredients for life. 也带来了生命的成分.
4 billion years ago, 40亿年前,
Auroras illuminate the infant atmosphere, 极光照亮了婴儿的大气层,
The visual manifestation of the earth's magnetic field 地球磁场的视觉表现
Produced by its molten core. 由熔化的核心产生.
It's a shield that now protects the surface 它是一个保护表面的盾牌
From the ravages of space radiation. 来自太空辐射的破坏.
Beneath this shield, 在这个盾牌下,
In shallow coastal seas churned by the tides of the moon, 在被月球潮汐搅动的浅海中,
Fueled by volcanic heat 以火山热为燃料
And seeded with organic molecules from space... 从太空中植入有机分子...
Comes the very first life on earth. 地球上的第一个生命诞生了.
Just how it begins remains a mystery. 它是如何开始的仍然是个谜.
But at some point in this distant time, 但在这个遥远的时间里,
Chemistry becomes biology. 化学变成生物学.
For years,no one believed life could exist 多年来,没有人相信生命会存在
In toxic volcanic environments, 在有毒的火山环境中,
But life is full of surprises. 但生活充满了惊喜.
Today our planet is much changed, 今天我们的星球发生了很大的变化,
But there remain some environments 但仍有一些环境
Bearing similarities to early earth-- 与早期地球有相似之处--
Iceland, 冰岛,
One of the most volcanic regions of earth. 地球上火山活动最频繁的地区之一.
Just off its southern coast 就在南部海岸附近
Lies an isolated volcano named surtsey. 坐落着一座名为苏特西的孤立火山.
Surtsey is one of earth's newest strips of land. 苏特西是地球上最新的一片陆地.
In 1963,it exploded from the sea, 1963年,它从海上爆炸,
Erupting continuously for four years. 连续四年喷发.
It is now a world heritage site, 它现在是世界遗产,
Off-limits to all except a few research scientists. 除少数科学家外,所有人不得入内.
Surtsey's hot volcanic cracks and seams 苏特西火山热裂缝
Closely reproduce the environment of early earth. 与早期地球环境密切相关.
The team drills cores of rock from hundreds of feet below. 这个队从几百英尺以下钻取岩芯.
They search for the fingerprints of life, 他们寻找生命的指纹,
Marks made in the rock by deep-dwelling microorganisms. 深埋微生物在岩石上留下的痕迹.
Despite temperatures exceeding 250 degrees fahrenheit, 尽管温度超过华氏250度,
Without oxygen,and in acidic,salty water, 没有氧气,在酸性盐水中,
The rocks are clearly scarred 岩石上明显有伤疤
By single-celled organisms feeding off the rock. 以岩石为食的单细胞生物.
Scientists are now finding these extremophile cells 科学家们现在正在发现这些极端细胞
In volcanic zones across the globe. 在世界各地的火山区.
Steffen j?rgensen: It's mind-blowing,to be honest, 史蒂芬j?说实话,真是令人兴奋,
Because the number of microbial cells found in this system 因为在这个系统中发现的微生物细胞的数量
Outcompete the number of stars in the universe. 比宇宙中的恒星还要多.
Dna indicates some underground microbes Dna显示了一些地下微生物
Relate closely to cells that were ancestors 与祖先的细胞关系密切
Of all life on the surface. 地球表面的所有生命.
J?rgensen: It dawned on me at that time J?尔根森:那时候我突然明白了
Just how important they are. 他们有多重要.
These are the type of cells 这些是细胞的类型
That evolved into a more complex cell structure, 进化成更复杂的细胞结构,
Which eventually turned into you and I. 最终变成了你和我.
3 billion years ago, 30亿年前,
Simple single-celled life forms are now colonizing the planet. 简单的单细胞生命形式正在这个星球上定居.
The oceans swirl with blue-green cyanobacteria. 海洋中充满了蓝绿色的蓝藻.
These have now evolved 它们现在已经进化了
To harness the energy of sunlight... 利用阳光的能量...
Through photosynthesis, 通过光合作用,
The process still used by modern plants. 现代工厂仍在使用这种工艺.
This revolution in energy supply has massive consequences... 能源供应革命带来了巨大的后果...
Because the byproduct is oxygen. 因为副产品是氧气.
Over the next billion years, 在接下来的十亿年里,
Cyanobacteria turn carbon dioxide into oxygen 蓝藻将二氧化碳转化为氧气
In such volumes that the entire ecosystem alters. 整个生态系统都发生了变化.
The crust of the earth and the oceans are filled with iron. 地壳和海洋充满了铁.
As oxygen leaches into the system, 当氧气渗入系统时,
This iron is transformed. 这种铁被转化了.
Kirk johnson: There's lots of iron on the planet's surface, 柯克·约翰逊:地球表面有很多铁,
But it had never been oxidized before, 但它以前从未被氧化过,
So,fundamentally,cyanobacteria created oxygen, 所以,从根本上说,蓝藻创造了氧气,
Which created rust,and the earth became red. 它生了锈,地就变红了.
By 2 billion years ago, 20亿年前,
The countless tiny microbes that fill the earth's oceans 充满地球海洋的无数微小微生物
Alter the chemistry of the planet. 改变地球的化学性质.
But as it slowly evolves over the next billion years, 但随着它在接下来的十亿年中慢慢发展,
Life will face a new challenge to its existence, 生命的存在将面临新的挑战,
As changes in climate 随着气候的变化
Plunge the planet into deep freeze. 使地球陷入冰冻.
720 million years ago, 7.2亿年前,
Earth is set for an explosion of life, 地球将迎来生命的爆发,
But for now,life remains primitive and rare, 但现在,生命仍然是原始而稀有的,
And some scientists believe they know why. 一些科学家相信他们知道原因.
Satellite and ground surveys 卫星和地面测量
Across a 2,000-mile stretch of northern canada 横跨加拿大北部2000英里的一段
Capture evidence of an ancient continent-sized volcanic field. 捕捉古代大陆大小的火山场的证据.
This is the franklin large igneous province. 这是富兰克林大火成岩省.
Many scientists now believe 许多科学家现在相信
It's the sign of a series of enormous volcanic eruptions 这是一系列巨大火山爆发的迹象
That threatened life on earth by blotting out the sun. 因为遮住了太阳而威胁到地球上的生命.
1991,the philippines. 1991年,菲律宾.
Mount pinatubo explodes. 皮纳图博山爆炸了.
It's one of the biggest volcanic eruptions of the modern era. 这是现代最大的火山爆发之一.
Pinatubo pumps over 10 million tons of sulfur into the skies. 皮纳图博向天空输送了超过1000万吨的硫磺.
Satellites later record a change 卫星稍后会记录一个变化
In reflectivity of the atmosphere. 大气的反射率.
So much heat energy bounces back into space, 这么多热能反弹回太空,
The whole earth cools by one degree fahrenheit. 整个地球冷却一华氏度.
Imagine the impact of multiple pinatubo eruptions 想象一下多次皮纳图博火山爆发的影响
All going off at once. 所有的人都马上离开了.
Northern canada. 加拿大北部.
Across 2,000 miles,the earth tears open. 穿过2000英里,大地裂开了.
Billions of tons of sulfur and ash clog the air. 数十亿吨的硫磺和火山灰阻塞了空气.
The earth plunges into darkness. 地球陷入黑暗.
The eruption continues for decades. 火山喷发持续了几十年.
Global temperatures plummet to minus 50 degrees fahrenheit. 全球气温骤降至零下50华氏度.
One theory suggests the freeze is so intense, 一种理论认为冰冻是如此剧烈,
The planet is encased in ice-- 这颗行星被冰包裹着--
Snowball earth 雪球土
Entombing earth's fragile microbes beneath miles of ice 把地球脆弱的微生物埋在数英里的冰下
For 80 million years. 八千万年了.
But eventually the ice thaws. 但最终冰融化了.
Somehow,life on earth survives, 不知何故,地球上的生命幸存了下来,
And now it will thrive. 现在它将茁壮成长.
Across the next 200 million years, 在接下来的2亿年里,
New generations of bacterial blooms 新一代细菌爆发
Raise oxygen levels again, 再次提高氧气浓度,
Creating an atmosphere rich in oxygen. 创造一个富氧的环境.
Coleman: Looking at the earth,especially at sunrise or sunset, 科尔曼:看看地球,尤其是在日出或日落时,
Which for us happens 16 times a day, 对我们来说一天发生16次,
Which is pretty wonderful, 真是太棒了,
That's when you can really see 那时你才能真正看到
That,that layer,that,that thin atmosphere, 那层薄薄的大气层,
And it's like a little bubble 就像一个小泡泡
That encloses everything you know and love. 包含了你所知道和爱的一切.
600 million years ago,this oxygen-rich environment 6亿年前,这个富氧的环境
Is the catalyst for an energy revolution. 是能源革命的催化剂.
Some microbes now turn from solar power to oxygen power. 一些微生物现在从太阳能变成了氧气.
This new energy source is behind their evolution 这种新能源是它们进化的背后
Into the first multicellular plants and animals. 最早的多细胞动植物.
Today,off the coast of australia 今天,在澳大利亚海岸
Lies the great barrier reef, 大堡礁,
An organic structure so big,it can be seen from space. 一个如此巨大的有机结构,它可以从太空中看到.
Scientists believe ancient reefs were incubators for early life. 科学家们相信古代珊瑚礁是早期生命的孵化器.
They are among the most ecologically diverse places 它们是生态多样性最强的地方之一
On our planet. 在我们的星球上.
Johnson: Reefs are like cities. 约翰逊:珊瑚礁就像城市.
I mean,cities,you start with a few little houses. 我是说,城市,你从一些小房子开始.
Then you get buildings and multi-story buildings. 然后你得到了建筑物和多层建筑.
There's lots of diversity in a city, 一个城市有很多多样性,
So in ancient reefs,there's just that same thing. 所以在古代的珊瑚礁里,也有同样的东西.
The more kinds of places there were to live, 住的地方越多,
The more diversity of life forms there were. 那里的生命形式就越多样化.
In southern africa, 在南部非洲,
Scientists have recently discovered 科学家最近发现
What they believe is one of the oldest reefs on the planet. 他们认为这是地球上最古老的珊瑚礁之一.
It was formed in oxygen-rich seas 550 million years ago. 它形成于5.5亿年前富氧的海洋中.
Evidence suggests this is a time of rapid evolutionary change. 有证据表明,这是一个快速进化变化的时代.
This is when the blueprint of modern animals, 当现代动物的蓝图,
Of us,first emerges-- 在我们当中,第一个出现--
The cambrian explosion. 寒武纪爆发.
Johnson: What we see are a bunch of new kinds of organisms. 约翰逊:我们看到的是一堆新的有机体.
Now,these were marine animals, 这些是海洋动物,
Small animals that looked like crabs and shrimp 看起来像螃蟹和虾的小动物
And other kinds of shellfish. 以及其他种类的贝类.
These organisms had features that are quite familiar to us. 这些有机体有我们非常熟悉的特征.
If you look at a,a little tiny crab, 如果你看一只小螃蟹,
He's got little eyes looking back at you. 他有一双小眼睛看着你.
He's got limbs,and he crawls around, 他有四肢,到处爬,
And he eats stuff through his mouth, 他用嘴吃东西,
And it goes into his stomach, 然后进入他的胃,
And it goes out the back end as its waste. 它作为废物从后端排出.
That sort of way of being an animal, 作为一种动物,
We see for the first time in the cambrian explosion. 我们第一次看到寒武纪的爆炸.
Over 4 billion years, 超过40亿年,
The earth evolves from a ball of fire to a ball of ice. 地球从火球演变成冰球.
And by 400 million years ago,to this 到了4亿年前
A blue-green planet 蓝绿色星球
With life spreading to the land. 随着生命向大地蔓延.
Johnson: Pretty soon after you have the first plants on earth, 约翰逊:在你有了地球上第一批植物之后不久,
You have the first trees on earth. 你拥有地球上最早的树.
With trees come forests, 有树就有森林,
And with forests come the same kind of diversity of habitat 森林带来了同样多样的栖息地
That we've seen underwater in the reef structures. 我们在水下看到的暗礁结构.
With plant life comes animal life. 伴随着植物生命而来的是动物生命.
The first surface dwellers make their appearance. 最早的地表生物出现了.
Life now has a foothold, 现在生活有了立足点,
Across land,sea,and the sky. 穿越陆地、海洋和天空.
But their new oasis 但是他们的新绿洲
Is a time bomb just waiting to explode. 是一颗等待爆炸的定时炸弹.
Russia. 俄罗斯.
These are the siberian traps, 这些是西伯利亚的陷阱,
An ancient lava field spread over 2 million square miles. 一个古老的熔岩场分布在200万平方英里的地方.
In 2011,scientists here made a crucial discovery, 2011年,这里的科学家有了一个重要的发现,
Explaining one of the most infamous events 解释一个最臭名昭著的事件
In earth history, 在地球历史上,
The great dying. 伟大的将死.
This spot is the scene 这个地方就是现场
Of the most deadly volcanic eruption in history. 史上最致命的火山爆发.
This huge area becomes an ocean of fire. 这个巨大的区域变成了一片火海.
But the danger is not just the eruption. 但危险不仅仅是火山爆发.
Scientists found the lava erupted 科学家发现熔岩喷发了
Through a thick layer of coal, 穿过厚厚的一层煤,
Generating a toxic cloud that acidifies the atmosphere, 产生一团有毒的云使大气酸化,
Leading to about a million years of deadly acid rain. 导致了大约一百万年的致命酸雨.
Johnson: This eruption happens almost precisely 约翰逊:这次喷发几乎是准确地发生的
When we see a lot of things go extinct at the same time. 当我们看到很多东西同时灭绝的时候.
The lava starts erupting,organisms start dying. 熔岩开始喷发,生物开始死亡.
We call it the great dying because by our best estimates, 我们称之为伟大的死亡,因为根据我们最好的估计,
It's pretty close to snuffing out life on the planet. 它几乎要扼杀地球上的生命.
But not all life dies out, 但并不是所有的生命都会消亡,
And the gaps opened up by the extinction 而这些缺口因物种灭绝而打开
Generate a monstrous surge in evolution 在进化过程中产生巨大的冲击
The age of the dinosaurs. 恐龙时代.
Argentina,2012. 阿根廷,2012年.
Paleontologist dr.Diego pol 古生物学家Diego pol博士
Uncovers the remains of what's thought to be 发现了被认为是
The biggest land animal that ever lived. 有史以来最大的陆地动物.
So large,its thigh bone alone stood taller than a human. 如此之大,单是它的大腿骨就比人还高.
The 70-ton titanosaur. 重达70吨的泰坦龙.
Diego pol: Can you imagine 10 african elephants put together? 迭戈·波尔:你能想象把10头非洲象放在一起吗?
You know,this animal was as long as an airplane, 你知道,这只动物和飞机一样长,
You know,a boeing 737. 你知道,一架波音737.
But dinosaurs were not always so enormous. 但恐龙并不总是那么庞大.
Pol: 230 million years ago, 波尔:2.3亿年前,
The first dinosaurs appear on our planet, 第一批恐龙出现在我们的星球上,
And they were tiny animals. 它们是小动物.
They were probably weighing 10 kilograms. 他们大概有10公斤重.
Now,50 million years after that... 现在,5000万年后...
There were the first giant dinosaurs. 有第一批巨型恐龙.
This is the time when titanosaur appeared 这是泰坦龙出现的时候
And when they achieved the maximum body size, 当他们达到最大体型时,
When we started seeing these 70-ton animals 当我们开始看到这些70吨重的动物
Roaming on our planet. 在我们的星球上漫游.
It's not yet clear 还不清楚
What caused dinosaurs like titanosaur to grow so large. 是什么导致像泰坦龙这样的恐龙长得这么大.
But these enormous plant eaters 但是这些巨大的食草动物
Now become an important part of the global ecosystem. 现在已经成为全球生态系统的重要组成部分.
They travel hundreds of miles. 他们走了几百英里.
They spread seeds and trample vegetation, 他们撒播种子践踏植被,
Creating new opportunity for plant species 为植物物种创造新的机会
To spread across the planet. 传播到整个星球.
Pol: We know these giant dinosaurs migrated 波尔:我们知道这些巨型恐龙
From antarctica to asia to north america,africa. 从南极洲到亚洲再到北美,非洲.
They were everywhere, 他们到处都是,
Roaming through the landscape, 漫步于风景之中,
Altering and modifying the different ecosystems 改变和改变不同的生态系统
All over the planet. 全世界.
It's really,really amazing. 真的,真的很神奇.
For 180 million years, 一亿八千万年来,
As the continents slowly shift beneath them, 随着大陆在它们下面慢慢移动,
The giant dinosaurs dominate the planet, 巨型恐龙统治着地球,
But around 65 million years ago, 但是大约6500万年前,
Suddenly they disappear,wiped out by a meteor strike. 突然它们消失了,被流星击得一干二净.
Scientists believe another event 科学家认为另一个事件
May have contributed to their downfall. 可能是他们垮台的原因.
In india today,there is a collection of ancient temples. 在今天的印度,有许多古代寺庙.
These incredible structures were cut from the soft rock 这些不可思议的建筑是从软岩上切割下来的
Of the deccan traps, 在德干陷阱中,
The remains of a massive lava eruption 大规模熔岩喷发的遗迹
That spreads over 200,000 square miles of western india. 分布在印度西部20万平方英里.
This epic eruption begins to poison the dinosaurs' world. 这场史诗般的火山爆发开始毒害恐龙世界.
But the nail in their coffin 但是他们棺材里的钉子
Is the sudden impact of an immense meteor. 是巨大流星的突然撞击.
Johnson: Here you have a body of rock 约翰逊:给你一块石头
That's six miles in diameter. 直径有六英里.
It's traveling at 20 times the speed of a rifle bullet. 它的速度是步枪子弹的20倍.
When it hits planet earth, 当它撞击地球时,
Which is much,much,much larger, 它要大得多,
It's like driving a truck into a stone wall. 就像开卡车撞到石墙一样.
And it punches a hole deep into the earth. 它在地上打了一个洞.
And then all that energy gets blown back out of that hole. 然后所有的能量都从洞里吹出来.
With a force of a billion atomic bombs, 拥有10亿颗原子弹,
The explosion gouges a crater 爆炸凿出一个弹坑
115 miles wide and nearly 8 miles deep. 115英里宽,近8英里深.
But many now believe that the impact alone 但现在许多人认为,单是影响
Wasn't powerful enough to cause their global extinction. 不足以导致它们的全球灭绝.
Satellites designed to search for oil have recently confirmed 用于搜寻石油的卫星最近证实
That the impact site is a part of the earth's crust 撞击地点是地壳的一部分
Unusually rich in hydrocarbons and sulfur. 富含碳氢化合物和硫.
When the meteor hits,the volatile compounds vaporize, 当流星撞击时,挥发性化合物蒸发,
Creating a cocktail of climate-changing chemicals 创造一种气候变化化学物质的混合物
That mix with the countless tons of melted rock. 和无数吨的熔岩混合在一起.
Johnson: All that energy blows up and out. 约翰逊:所有的能量都爆炸了.
Some of it goes out of the earth's atmosphere. 其中一部分从地球大气层中排出.
Some of it blows sideways. 有些吹向一边.
Meanwhile the earth is turning, 同时地球在转动,
So you have hot stuff flying out of the sky 所以你有热的东西从天上飞出来
On the other side of the planet. 在地球的另一边.
If you were anywhere near it,forget about it, 如果你在附近,忘了它,
But if you are on the other side of the planet, 但如果你在地球的另一边,
Forget about it also. 也算了吧.
Nearly half of global plant life dies. 全球近一半的植物死亡.
Half the life in the sea is snuffed out. 海里的生命有一半被扼杀了.
Three quarters of all life on the planet is made extinct. 地球上四分之三的生命已经灭绝了.
The great dinosaurs' fate is sealed. 大恐龙的命运是注定的.
Although they disappear from history, 尽管它们从历史中消失了,
The catastrophe now creates opportunity 灾难现在创造了机会
For others to take their place. 让别人代替他们.
65 million years ago... 6500万年前...
After the devastating meteor impact, 在毁灭性的流星撞击之后,
Over thousands of years,the world slowly recovers. 几千年来,世界慢慢地恢复.
The air clears, 空气清清,
The fires cool, 火很冷,
And new forests take root. 新森林扎根了.
The great dinosaurs are no more. 大恐龙不再是了.
But some life has survived. 但有些生命已经存活下来.
Anjali goswami: The mass extinction that saw 安吉利·戈斯瓦米:看到的大规模灭绝
The demise of the dinosaurs 恐龙的灭亡
Was terrible for everything on the planet quite frankly. 对地球上的一切都很糟糕.
Mammals squeaked through that extinction. 哺乳动物在那次灭绝中尖叫.
They did not sail through it by any stretch of the imagination. 他们没有通过任何想象.
There might be as few as 20 different kinds of mammals 可能只有20种不同种类的哺乳动物
That made it through that extinction. 它是通过了那场灭绝.
But the death of the dinosaurs 但是恐龙的死亡
Really opened up a huge amount of opportunity for mammals, 为哺乳动物提供了巨大的机会,
And they took it. 他们拿走了.
They took the opportunity,and they went wild with it. 他们抓住了这个机会,就狂野地去了.
On the northern borders of india 讲述者:印度北部边界
Lie the himalayas, 在喜马拉雅山上躺着,
The highest mountain range on earth. 地球上最高的山脉.
Today its peaks rise five and a half miles above sea level. 今天,它的山峰在海平面以上上升了5英里半英里.
But by earth's standards,these mountains are young, 但按照地球的标准,这些山是年轻的,
Less than 55 million years old. 不到5500万岁.
This epic range rose in parallel with the rise of the mammals. 这一史诗般的范围随着哺乳动物的崛起而上升.
55 million years ago,after eons of continental drift, 5500万年前,经历了几千年的大陆漂流,
India smashes into eurasia. 印度撞上欧亚大陆.
The himalayas begin their ascent to the heavens. 喜马拉雅山脉开始向天空攀登.
Recent fossil finds in india 印度最近发现的化石
Are adding to evidence collected worldwide 正在为全球收集的证据添加
That this is an evolutionary turning point. 这是一个进化的转折点.
The precursors of many key mammalian species 许多重要哺乳动物物种的前体
Are starting to emerge and spread across the globe. 正在全球范围内出现和传播.
Goswami: 10 to 20 million years after the dinosaurs go extinct, 戈斯瓦米:恐龙灭绝后的1000-2000万年,
Mammals really explore the world 哺乳动物真的在探索世界
And develop a huge range of shapes and ecologies 开发出一系列的形状和生态系统
That still define them today. 今天仍然是他们的定义.
You start to see the first real horses. 你开始看到第一匹真正的马.
You see whales moving into the ocean. 你看到鲸鱼在海洋里移动.
You start to see early primates showing up. 你开始看到早期的灵长类动物出现了.
But it was certainly a pivotal moment in mammal history. 但这在哺乳动物史上无疑是一个关键时刻.
For the next 50 million years, 在接下来的5000万年里,
As continents continue to shift into today's positions 随着大陆继续向今天的位置转变
And the himalayas inch upwards... 喜马拉雅山脉向上一英寸...
The mammals evolve. 哺乳动物进化.
By one million years ago, 在一百万年前,
They take over the globe. 他们接管了全球.
And in africa,conditions are ripe 在非洲,条件已经成熟
For a new chapter in the history of our world. 为我们世界历史上的新篇章而奋斗.
A new mammal will emerge, 一种新的哺乳动物会出现,
A new type of primate that walks tall, 一种新型灵长类动物,它走得很高,
Who in a flicker of geological time 在地质时代的闪烁中
Will become the dominant species on the planet. 将成为地球上的主要物种.
Next time,we'll explore the age of humans, 下次我们要探索人类的年龄,
Using clues from space to provide new insights 利用空间线索提供新的见解
Into why we evolved our unique human brain, 为什么我们进化出了我们独特的人类大脑,
How we tamed the planet's animals and plants 我们是如何驯服地球上的动植物的
To build great civilizations, 为了建设伟大的文明,
And how we develop total command of the earth's energy, 我们如何发展对地球能量的全面控制,
Giving us the power not only to shape our future, 给我们力量,不仅是为了塑造我们的未来,
But also the fate of the planet we call home. 但我们称之为家园的星球的命运也是如此.